Personal Injury Lawyer Blog

Archive for the ‘civil rights’ Category

How do I know if I have a change in government policy case?

Monday, July 4th, 2011

Change in government policy cases are difficult to assess because if the government has a good reason to maintain their policy that is rationally related to a legitimate government purpose or if a statute specifically authorizes the policy, though the statute could be bad too. If any of the policy is bad, peoples’ civil rights are being violated and a lawsuit can be filed to change the bad government policy.

An example of a tough change in government policy is challenging Pennsylvania’s expungement statute. The statute is:

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 9122
- (a) Specific proceedings.–Criminal history record information shall be expunged in a specific criminal proceeding when:

(1) no disposition has been received or, upon request for criminal history record information, no disposition has been recorded in the repository within 18 months after the date of arrest and the court of proper jurisdiction certifies to the director of the repository that no disposition is available and no action is pending. Expungement shall not occur until the certification from the court is received and the director of the repository authorizes such expungement;

(2) a court order requires that such nonconviction data be expunged; or

(3) a person 21 years of age or older who has been convicted of a violation of section 6308 (relating to purchase, consumption, possession or transportation of liquor or malt or brewed beverages) petitions the court of common pleas in the county where the conviction occurred seeking expungement and the person has satisfied all terms and conditions of the sentence imposed for the violation, including any suspension of operating privileges imposed pursuant to section 6310.4 (relating to restriction of operating privileges). Upon review of the petition, the court shall order the expungement of all criminal history record information and all administrative records of the Department of Transportation relating to said conviction.

(b) Generally.–Criminal history record information may be expunged when:

(1) An individual who is the subject of the information reaches 70 years of age and has been free of arrest or prosecution for ten years following final release from confinement or supervision; or

(2) An individual who is the subject of the information has been dead for three years.

(b.1) Prohibition.–A court shall not have the authority to order expungement of the defendant’s arrest record where the defendant was placed on Accelerated Rehabilitative Disposition for a violation of any offense set forth in any of the following where the victim is under 18 years of age:

Section 3121 (relating to rape).

Section 3122.1 (relating to statutory sexual assault).

Section 3123 (relating to involuntary deviate sexual intercourse).

Section 3124.1 (relating to sexual assault).

Section 3125 (relating to aggravated indecent assault).

Section 3126 (relating to indecent assault).

Section 5902(b) (relating to prostitution and related offenses).

Section 5903 (relating to obscene and other sexual materials and performances).

(c) Maintenance of certain information required or authorized.–Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, the prosecuting attorney and the central repository shall, and the court may, maintain a list of the names and other criminal history record information of persons whose records are required by law or court rule to be expunged where the individual has successfully completed the conditions of any pretrial or post-trial diversion or probation program. Such information shall be used solely for the purpose of determining subsequent eligibility for such programs and for identifying persons in criminal investigations. Criminal history record information may be expunged as provided in subsection (b)(1) and (2). Such information shall be made available to any court or law enforcement agency upon request.

(d) Notice of expungement.–Notice of expungement shall promptly be submitted to the central repository which shall notify all criminal justice agencies which have received the criminal history record information to be expunged.

(e) Public records.–Public records listed in section 9104(a) (relating to scope) shall not be expunged.

(f) District attorney’s notice.–The court shall give ten days prior notice to the district attorney of the county where the original charge was filed of any applications for expungement under the provisions of subsection (a)(2).

Part C allows the prosecuting district attorney’s office, the central repository, and the court to maintain a record of the arrest even though the purpose of the expungement is to obliterate the record. The record can only be maintained for purposes of determining whether people are eligible for future diversion programs like future consideration for a second ARD (accelerated rehabilitative diversion) application. Also, to maintain the police arrest photo for future identification issues in future crimes.

Is Part C legal? What happens if the district attorney or the state police use the information for another purpose? Should citizens have some guarantee the information is only used as it states under Part C?

If you have a situation where the government is enforcing its power against you by an action not authorized by statute, you may have a civil rights action against the government to change policy.

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Police Brutality – Part III

Wednesday, August 18th, 2010

In my previous post I mentioned declaratory judgment and promised to follow-up. Basically, when you sue in federal court you can ask for a change in police, city or county policy (in the next post I will explain the difference between federal court and state court civil rights actions). Also, you can ask the federal court to grant you process in state court.

The concept of declaratory judgment is better understood through examples.

Example 1: A woman was pulled over by the police for speeding. She says that she was totally cooperative with the officer, he called her a racial slur, and broke her jaw by punching her in the jaw with a closed fist. The officer says that she got out of the car before the officer even approached the car, she was yelled and screamed at the officer, poked him in the chest, and when the officer attempted to get her to go back in the car she attempted to punch the officer in the face and the officer moved out of the way and she fell on the hood of her own car and broke her jaw.

It turns out that the woman is very wealthy and money is not a factor to her. She wants the officer fired. When her lawyer files the lawsuit in federal court, discovery is conducted and the lawyer asks for the video from the hood of police cruiser. The township claims they don’t have video dashboard cameras on the hoods of their cars.

The result of the case is that the township is forced to install cameras on the hoods of all of the cars and the cameras are connected to the cars in a way that the dashboard cameras cannot be disabled by the police officers, i.e. if the dashboard camera is disconnected the cruiser won’t start.

Example 2: In a very small town in Pennsylvania, where everyone knows your name, plaintiff is given a citation for disorderly conduct. He shows up at his hearing on time at the correct location, but he is found guilty without a hearing. The judges says that everyone knows him and the officer, so he must be guilty. Plaintiff files a de novo appeal to the Court of Common Pleas for a real trial and the prothonotary marks the filing as “DENIED.” The prothonotary cannot do this as a matter of law.

Plaintiff sues and doesn’t want money because he is going to medical school and doesn’t want a criminal record. The federal judge orders the lower court conviction vacated and orders the township to conduct a hearing; further the judge orders an investigation into the lower court judge, the officer who issued the citation, and the prothonotary.

0 Police Brutality   Part III
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Police Brutality – Part II

Tuesday, August 17th, 2010

Now that we have established that you have a police brutality civil rights case, the next question is: how much is my case worth?

This is the hardest question to answer. Everyone thinks their case is worth a million bucks, but most cases aren’t worth close to that amount. Also, in some cases, people may want declaratory relief, which I will save for a later post (meaning the courts force the government to change a policy).

When I look at a police brutality case for financial damages I ask many questions in my assessment:

  • What were the extent of the physical injuries? Was there a hospital visit? How much is the hospital bill? What happened at the hospital? What were you treated for: gun shot wound, concussion, broken bones, stitches, etc? Is there any continuing treatment: are you in physical therapy as a result of the injury? If you were incarcerated, did the prison give you medical treatment? When you were released from custody, did you take yourself to the hospital? Is there a diagnosis that had you been given treatment in custody, you would not have the same injury, or would the injury have been not as bad?
  • What was the true outcome of the criminal case? How did the criminal case resolve? How much did you pay a criminal lawyer to represent you in the criminal case?
  • Were you incarcerated for any period of time as a result of the false arrest? What was the length of time? Was the length of time related only to this instant case, or was the length of your incarcerated due to other issues plus this case?
  • Did you miss any time at work? Did you lose your job?
  • Has the police officer every done this before?
  • Is what happened to you something that happens to people all the time and the city or county should have changed a policy that would have prevented this incident?
  • Compared to other instances of police misconduct, how outrageous is your case? Are the actions of the police officer unique in the instant case?

There are many other factors that we look at when trying to assess damages in civil rights cases, but this should be enough to give you an idea of basics.

We have prosecuted very small cases where police are simply confiscating cell phones and destroying them because people are video taping police conduct. We have also prosecuted some very big cases where people have been shot by the police. All of these civil rights cases have value, but analyzing a case’s value is dependent on all of the factors listed above.

0 Police Brutality   Part II
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Police Brutality – Part I

Wednesday, August 4th, 2010

When does a serious police brutality case exist? Can I sue the Police?

Every lawyer may tell you a different answer to this question, but we focus our attention on what happened in the intial incident, was an arrest made, and if so what is the outcome of the criminal matter. Often times, our clients hire us to represent them both for the criminal matter and the police brutality matter to ensure continuity throughout the representation.

If a person is convicted of a crime in the criminal matter, we look at the conviction. If someone is charged with attempted murder, aggravated assault, simple assault, reckless endangerment, and possession of a small amount of marijuana, and are found not guilty of all charges, the person mostly likely can pursue a police brutality action. If the person is acquitted of all charges except the marijuana, then they can still have a police brutality action in state court. However, if they are convicted of attempted murder and aggravated assault, they most likely do not have a righteous police brutality matter.

We want to know what happened, what role did the potential plaintiff play in the incident? In other words, who should be held liable for the acts that occurred: the police officer, the city or town in which the incident occurred, or the potential plaintiff. We closely look to the acts of the parties involved and try to discern who is at fault.

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Suicide in a Cell?

Sunday, February 14th, 2010

Suicide in a cell? Man’s family is skeptical

WHY WOULD a 36-year-old man with two children, a loving family, a girlfriend whom he planned to marry and no history of mental-health problems commit suicide?

Why would he do it in a West Philadelphia police station, after being picked up on a bench warrant for missing a status hearing for allegedly selling bootleg DVDs?

And how could he do it in a cell with a solid ceiling and while on crutches and in a cast, having just been released from the hospital three days prior?

These are the questions Brian Irvin’s family can’t answer and can’t get over.

According to police, Irvin used his sweatshirt to hang himself in a holding cell in the 18th Police District, at 55th and Pine streets, about 3:40 p.m. Feb. 3.

He had been stopped at 8:50 a.m. that day at 59th and Market streets for “loitering and acting suspicious,” and when cops ran a check on his name, they discovered that a bench warrant had been issued for his arrest on Feb. 1, said Homicide Sgt. Robert Kuhlmeier, who is supervising the investigation into Irvin’s death.

The bench warrant was for his failure to show up for a status hearing on a charge of “unauthorized transfer of sounds on recording devices,” police said.

The charge regards allegations that Irvin possessed, reproduced or tried to sell bootleg DVDs, according to police.

His girlfriend of 12 years, Sharon Baker, said that the DVDs he was arrested for carrying were for his personal use and that the device he was found with was a DVD player, not a recorder.

She acknowledged that the movies he had were copies, but said that he had no more than one copy of each film and that he had not been trying to sell them.

Irvin’s family doesn’t deny that he had several other arrests in his background for drugs, theft and related offenses, but said that he had never done hard time and that his drug arrests had been for smoking or having marijuana.

Most of Irvin’s arrests did not result in convictions and for those that did, he appears to have served nothing but probation, court records show. His most serious charge was for aggravated assault, but those charges were withdrawn.

“Yeah, he’s been arrested numerous times, but why now, for something petty – why would he hang himself now?” Irvin’s older brother, Galen, said. “I could see if they sentence you to a hundred years. Yeah, maybe things start going through your mind, but not for this.”

In the living room of the family home in University City, Baker, Galen Irvin, and Irvin’s parents, George and Lynda, talked about Brian as a “happy-go-lucky, free-spirited and outgoing man,” with no history of mental-health problems.

“I know my son didn’t kill himself,” George Irvin said.

“We all know he didn’t kill himself,” the group responded in unison.

But the family’s assertions are contrary to the medical examiner’s report, which ruled that Irvin’s death was a suicide by hanging, according to Jeff Moran, spokesman for the M.E.’s office.

Irvin’s family said, aside from the unlikelihood that Brian would have hanged himself over a minor charge, it would have been physically improbable for him to do so.

Irvin, who worked as a day laborer, had surgery on his ankle Jan. 29 and pins, screws and a cast were set in place, Lynda Irvin said. He was released from the hospital Jan. 31 – on crutches. Baker said he couldn’t stand without them when he left her house about 7:30 a.m. Feb. 3. to pick up clothing. That was the last time she or any other acquaintance saw or heard from him.

Not only would it have been difficult for Irvin to stand without the crutches, but he also would have had to hang himself from the bars of the cell, since the ceilings are solid, the family and their civil-rights attorney, Brian Zeiger, said.

“He’d have to have tied a sweatshirt on the top of the vertical bar [on his cell door], have it not slide down or have it rest on a horizontal bar, then climb up there, on crutches, having just undergone surgery, without anyone else seeing him,” said Zeiger.

Kuhlmeier, the police supervisor, said he would not get into the “dimensions” or the height that Irvin hanged himself at, but said that hanging one’s self from anything is possible.

“You can hang yourself from a toilet bowl on the floor as long as you’re pressing against your airway,” he said. “A height is convenient, quicker, but you can do it from a low point.”

Kuhlmeier said Irvin was alone in his cell when the hanging occurred.

Zeiger, who typically handles criminal cases and is familiar with the cell setup at the 18th, said he finds it hard to believe that no one in the usually busy cellblock noticed that Irvin was trying to hang himself.

“There’s sometimes so many people that there’s not enough room for everybody to lay down,” said Zeiger. “The idea that there’s one guy in a cell by himself and that nobody hears him or sees him is absolutely baffling to me.”

Kuhlmeier said checks are done on the cells by officers every 15 minutes. He would not say when Irvin was last seen alive, but said that he was found hanging at 3:40 p.m. and that police cut him down, performed CPR and called medics, who transported him to Mercy Hospital.

“He was pronounced at 4:32 at the hospital,” Kuhlmeier said. “Whatever police and medics did, it kept him alive for an hour.”

But the Irvin family said that medics had never been called and that they had been told by a hospital official, who informed them of their son’s death at 4:56 p.m., that police had brought him to the hospital.

“The woman who called said my son was brought in with no heartbeat, no pulse, no response,” Lynda Irvin said. “I asked who brought him in and she said, ‘The police.’

“The way the lady worded it, I knew the hospital was separating themselves from this case. She assured me he did not die there. He was brought there dead.”

Kuhlmeier, whose department, along with Internal Affairs, is investigating the death, as is protocol for all unusual cell-block occurrences, said they were awaiting toxicology results from the Medical Examiner’s Office.

“At this point though, there’s nothing questionable about the case,” he said.

Although he could not quote numbers or statistics, Kuhlmeier said cell block suicides and deaths happen “occasionally.”

But this is one occasion the Irvins cannot observe without question.

“We were talking about getting married within a year,” Baker said. “Everyone cared about him and loved him. He had things to live for.”

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Valley Swim Club

Wednesday, September 23rd, 2009

Mr. Levin was recently interviewed regarding the Valley Swim Club Civil Rights matter. See the interview below:

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